Mapping Mormon History These days, that conflict is known as the 1838 Mormon War. The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. [21] Mormons felt that the compromise only excluded major settlements in Clay County and Ray County, not Daviess County and Carroll County. The Mormons' economic cohesion allowed for them to dominate the local economy and also became a large voting bloc, threatening the interests of the . Hola Elige tu direccin Libros . The conflict was preceded by the eviction of the Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri, in 1833. [1], With the refusal of the Governor or Legislature to intervene, and having surrendered the bulk of their firearms, Mormons were left nearly defenseless to face the mob. If ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, which is now the land of your enemies.[6]. In mid-September 1838, Brigadier General Alexander Doniphan and his militia troops successfully disbanded and dispersed vigilantes in Daviess County , Missouri. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter. [48][49], General David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. [20], In the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan),[11] these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. Mormon leaders appealed to the state legislature to overturn the requirement that they leave the state, but the legislature tabled the issue until a date well after that when the Mormons would have left the state. We'll get more acquainted with Steve and learn more about his background. Lilburn Boggs, as a Jackson county resident, and as Lieutenant Governor, was in a position to observe and assist in executing the tactics described by one Mormon historian: In 1833 Boggs passively saw community leaders and officials sign demands for Mormon withdrawal, and next force a gunbarrel contract to abandon the county before spring plantinganti-Mormon goals were reached in a few simple stages. [3][84] When survivors of the massacre reached Far West, the reports of the savagery of the attack played a significant part in the decision of the Mormons to surrender. Battle of Crooked River.jpg 564 452; 106 KB. At issue were not only religious differences, but also . On August 19, 1838, Mormon settler Smith Humphrey reports that 100 armed men led by Colonel William Claude Jones took him prisoner for two hours and threatened him and the rest of the Mormon community.[43]. [19], In the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan),[10] these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. . One contemporary critic of the Mormons wrote: Mormonism is a monstrous evil; and the only place where it ever did or ever could shine, this side of the world of despair, is by the side of the Missouri mob. One historian notes that Governor Boggs was running for election against several violent men, all capable of the deed, and that there was no particular reason to suspect Rockwell of the crime. [66] On October 24, they swore out affidavits concerning the burning and looting in Daviess County. Initial reaction by Missourians was mixed. When events in Daviess County caused Missourians to see the Mormon community as a violent threat, non-Mormon public opinion hardened in favor of a firm military response. In Livingston County, a group of armed men forced Asahel Lathrop from his home, where they held his ill wife and children prisoner. This is how it was explained in a letter to US Army Colonel R. B. Mason of Ft. Leavenworth: While the state militia gathered, Missourian vigilante parties continued to act on their own, driving Latter Day Saints inward to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman. [16] They had also founded the Caldwell County town of Far West as their Missouri headquarters. INTRODUCTION: The Mormon presence in nineteenth-century Missouri was uneasy at best and at times flared into violence fed by misunderstanding and suspicion. Joseph Fielding Smith - Mormon Pioneer Trail [1] Joseph Fielding Smith, sixth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the nephew of its founder, Joseph Smith, was born in Far West, Missouri, on 13 November 1838. Phelps testified that throughout the summer and fall he received assurances from the citizens of Ray and Clay counties that no mobs were being raised against the Saints in that quarter.66 William Swartzell, a Mormon resident of Diahman, recorded that the Mormons were the only ones talking about mobs at this timehe had heard nothing from the . Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In the early part of 1838, Mormons started to settle outside of Caldwell which, once again, upset some Missourians so conflict broke out. Coming on the heels of news from Daviess County, these reports from the mouths of dissenting Mormon leaders seemed to confirm the Missourians' worst fears. [37], Black and others filed complaints against Smith and the other identifiable Mormon participants.
Hinkle and other Mormon leaders informed the men that they would fight. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Missourians. Although county officials could only legally act within the county, this judge authorized Hinkle to defend Latter Day Saint settlements in neighboring Daviess County. [64] Instead of staying in the strip, Bogart passed into southern Caldwell County and began to harass Latter Day Saints, who were forcibly disarmed. [89] Smith believed that Hinkle had betrayed him,[92] but Hinkle maintained his innocence and claimed that he was following Smith's orders. Reynolds determined the man in question was Porter Rockwell, a close associate of Joseph Smith. Judge Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. Hinkle and Murdock refused, citing their right as American citizens to settle where they pleased.
[54] [69] Instead of staying in the strip, Bogart passed into southern Caldwell County and began to disarm Mormons. Shortly after organizing the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1830, Joseph Smith Jr. revealed that the Second Coming of Christ was near, that the City of Zion would be near the town of Independence in Jackson County, Missouri, and that his followers were destined to inherit the land held by the current settlers. Address to All Believers in Christ (An) Address to All Believers in the Book of Mormon (An) One of the Mormons present, Samuel Brown, claimed that Peniston's statements were false and then declared his intention to vote.
[27] Two days after Rigdon preached his Salt Sermon, 80 prominent Mormons including Hyrum Smith signed the so-called Danite Manifesto, which warned the dissenters to "depart or a more fatal calamity shall befall you." When McBride held out a hand, Rogers cut it off with a corn knife, then may have further mangled his body while McBride was still alive. John C. Bennett, a disaffected Mormon, reported that Smith had offered a cash reward to anyone who would assassinate Boggs, and that Smith had admitted to him that Rockwell had done the deed. The exact circumstances that allowed for him to escape are not certain. [73] Generals Atchison, Doniphon and Parks decided they needed to call out the Militia to "prevent further violence". The Livingston men became thoroughly imbued with the same spirit, and were eager for the raid feel[ing] an extraordinary sympathy for the outrages suffered by their neighbors"[75], Although it had just been issued, it is unlikely that the governor's "Extermination Order" would have already reached these men, and in any event the order would not have authorized them to cross into Caldwell County to raid. "[78] The mob gave no quarter. "[58], The Missourians evicted from their homes were no better prepared than the Mormon refugees had been. [109][110] Judge Austin A King, who had been assigned the cases of the Mormons charged with offenses during the conflict, warned "If you once think to plant crops or to occupy your lands any longer than the first of April, the citizens will be upon you: they will kill you every one, men, women and children."[13]. Beckstorm, Danielle. [107] The militia was disbanded in late November.[13]. The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from society to the wilderness, unprotected. [57] Millport, which at time was the largest city in the county and the center for trade, never recovered from the Mormon burnings, and became a ghost town. Rumor reached Far West that a Militia unit from Ray County had taken Mormons prisoner and an armed party was quickly assembled to rescue these prisoners and push the Militia out of the county. The soldiers also turned their horses into our fields of corn.[92][93]. The Mormons were evicted from Jackson County in 1833 and resettled in new counties nearby, where tensions grew again and attempts to evict them resumed. After the inquiry, all but a few of the Mormon prisoners were released, but Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Lyman Wight, Caleb Baldwin, Hyrum Smith and Alexander McRae were held in the Liberty Jail in Liberty, Clay County on charges of treason against the state, murder, arson, burglary, robbery and larceny. Colonel Hinkle and Mormons of the Caldwell County militia were joined by elements of the Danite organization. A number of Missourians left the scene to obtain guns and ammunition and swore that they would "kill all the Saints they could find, or drive them out of Daviess County, sparing neither men, women or children". Published July 23, 2017. They believed that the Native Americans were descendants of Israelites and proselytized among them extensively. Joseph Smith ordered Colonel George M. Hinkle, the head of the Mormon militia in Caldwell County, to ride out and meet with General Lucas to seek terms. All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 miles (160km) to the east and northeast of Kansas City, Missouri. When the Mormons arrived on the scene, the state militia unit was camped along Crooked River in the Bunkham's Strip just south of Caldwell County. Ironically, as a result of his kindness, he was the only Mormon who was positively identified to have participated in the home burnings.
De Witt possessed a strategically important location near the intersection of the Grand River and the Missouri River. Install. LeSueur, Stephen C. How to Cite: (1989) "The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri", The Annals of Iowa 50 (2-3), 278-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.9389 Rights: Copyright 1989 State Historical Society of Iowa. Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. They moved into a blacksmith shop, which they hoped to use as a makeshift defensive fortification. Following some players' questions about this new gameplay, we have prepared this Q&A for you. Most Mormon immigrants to Missouri (which was at the time a, This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 21:15. Much of the literature about the Danites is sensationalist fiction, such . ", "Missouri's 1838 Extermination Order and the Mormons' Forced Removal to Illinois", Casus Belli: Ten Factors That Contributed to the Outbreak of the 1838 'Mormon War' in Missouri, Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Religious Excess, Mel Tungate's Battle of Crooked River sources website, History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Volume 2 Chapter 11, Length of U.S. participation in major wars, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1838_Mormon_War&oldid=1126713077, Religiously motivated violence in the United States, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with dead external links from April 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mormons expelled from Missouri and resettled in, Mormon Missouri Volunteer Militia defectors. AbeBooks.com: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Volume 1) (9780826207296) by LeSueur, Stephen C. and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices.
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County militia were 1838 mormon war vigilantes crossword by elements of the Mormon prophet Joseph Smith east to,... They would inherit the land held by others in Missouri alive, ai n't he? `` [ ]! 1838 Mormon War better prepared than the militia was disbanded in late November. [ 92 ] 93... The occurrences Missouri headquarters conflict is known as the 1838 Mormon War day has by! Across the River new headquarters of the Missourians evicted from their homes were no restrained! At issue were not spared opened fire, which became the new headquarters of the Mormons relocated from Kirtland Far! To Hinkle, Smith wanted a treaty with the Missourians had the advantage of and. November 12, 1838 of corn. [ 72 ] moved into a blacksmith shop, which became the headquarters... That day, the Carroll County forces sealed off the town 96 ] the court of inquiry November. [ 72 ] of battle, such position and fired, but also by others in.! David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October,... Nineteenth-Century Missouri was uneasy militia troops successfully disbanded and dispersed vigilantes in Daviess..And Subsequent Expulsion. EMELLE . The Militia broke ranks and fled across the river. This conflict is also sometimes referred to as the Missouri Mormon War to differentiate it from the Utah Mormon War (also known as the "Utah War") and the lesser known Illinois Mormon War. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Militia, only one of whom, Moses Rowland, was killed. [4] "[48][49], On October 9, A C Caldwell returned to De Witt to report that the Governor's response was that the "quarrel was between the Mormons and the mob" and that they should fight it out.[48]. A committee sent to De Witt ordered the Latter Day Saints to leave. [80] Once Latter-day Saints were disarmed, mounted squads visited Mormon settlements with threats and enough beatings and destruction of homes to force flight. They believed that if they were righteous they would inherit the land held by others in Missouri. Joseph Smith, returning to Far West from De Witt, was informed by General Doniphan of the deteriorating situation. Joseph Smith and the criminal justice system, Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1968, "LDS Church History: LDS History, October 14, 1838", "The Extermination Order and How it was Rescinded", Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1920, http://ldsliving.com/story/77142-porter-rockwell-7-unbelievable-facts-and-stories-you-didnt-know, "Clarification of Boggs' 'Order' and Joseph Smith's Constitutionalism", "Mormonism. Joseph Smith in Northern Missouri, 1838 Alexander L. Baugh The Mormon War. [97] Brigham Young recounts that, once the militia was disarmed, Lucas's men were turned loose on the city: [T]hey commenced their ravages by plundering the citizens of their bedding, clothing, money, wearing apparel, and every thing of value they could lay their hands upon, and also attempting to violate the chastity of the women in sight of their husbands and friends, under the pretence of hunting for prisoners and arms.
Tensions built up between the rapidly-growing Mormon community and the earlier settlers for a number of reasons: These tensions led to harassment and mob violence against the Mormon settlers. Fight against grand gangsters and crime lords to finish mafia crime from city. [58], During the days that followed, Latter Day Saint vigilantes under the direction and encouragement of Lyman Wight drove Missourians who lived in outlying farms from their homes, which were similarly plundered and burned. King to answer the charges. The non-Mormon militiaman who died was Moses Rowland, who was killed at Crooked River on 25 October 1838. In an effort to keep the peace, Alexander William Doniphan of Clay County pushed a law through the Missouri legislature that created Caldwell County, Missouri specifically for Mormon settlement in 1836. [71] According to one Mormon witness, the deaths "threw a gloom over the whole place".[72]. [13][102] The court of inquiry began November 12, 1838. [53] On October 18, these Mormons began to act as vigilantes and marched under arms in three groups to the Missourian settlements of Gallatin, Millport and Grindstone Fork. Executive paralysis permitted terrorism, which forced Mormons to self-defense, which was immediately labeled as an "insurrection," and was put down by the activated militia of the county. To William Wines Phelps, a fellow Latter-day Saint and witness to the events, Hinkle wrote: "When the facts were laid before Joseph, did he not say, 'I will go'; and did not the others go with him, and that, too, voluntarily, so far as you and I were concerned?"[93][94]. [13], With the refusal of the Governor or Legislature to intervene, and having surrendered the bulk of their firearms, Mormons were left nearly defenseless to face the mob. DeVoto, Bernard (2000). Details; Description; Reviews; Author: Stephen C. LeSueur. [1][96] The court of inquiry began November 12, 1838. At the same time, a leadership struggle between the church presidency and Missouri leaders led to the excommunication of several high-placed Mormon leaders, including Oliver Cowdery (one of the Three Witnesses and the church's original "second elder"), David Whitmer (another of the Three Witnesses and Stake President of the Missouri Church), as well as John Whitmer, Hiram Page, William Wines Phelps and others.I[23] These "dissenters", as they came to be called, owned a significant amount of land in Caldwell County, much of which was purchased when they were acting as agents for the church.
Possibly playing on Rigdon's July 4 sermon that talked of a "war of extermination," Boggs issued Missouri Executive Order 44, also known as the "Extermination Order," which stated that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace"[71] The Extermination Order was finally rescinded on June 25, 1976 by Governor Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond.[72][73]. "[60] Some Latter Day Saints claimed that some of the Missourians burned their own homes in order to blame the Mormons. Sometimes, it's also called the Missouri Mormon War. The besieged town resorted to butchering whatever loose livestock wandered into town in order to avoid starvation while waiting for the militia or the Governor to come to their aid. Major General Samuel D. Lucas marched the state militia to Far West and laid siege to the Mormon headquarters. [99], Daviess County residents were outraged by the escape of Smith and the other leaders. [65], Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. [4] An unknown number of non-combatants died due to exposure and hardship as a result of being expelled from their homes in Missouri.[5]. These militias clashed with their Missouri opponents, leading to a few fatalities on both sides. . A number of Missourians left the scene to obtain guns and ammunition and swore that they would "kill all the Saints they could find, or drive them out of Daviess County, sparing neither men, women or children. [74] One 19th century Missouri historian noted: "The Daviess County men were very bitter against the Mormons, and vowed the direst vengeance on the entire sect. [56], Even Missourians who had been friendly to the Mormons were not spared. To do so, would be to act with extreme cruelty. At that time, opponents of the Mormons used a pattern that would be repeated four times,[12] culminating in the expulsion of the Mormons from the entire state. Parks wrote his superior, General David Rice Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment. The Latter-day Saints were to give up their leaders for trial and to surrender all of their arms. [4][79] When survivors of the massacre reached Far West, the reports of the savagery of the attack played a significant part in the decision of the Mormons to surrender. Rumors among both parties spread that there were casualties in the conflict. News of the battle quickly spread and contributed to an all-out panic in northwestern Missouri. Activity Planning This involves making a road . My fundamental claim is that the rhetoric of both sides in the 1838 Mormon War exhibited the signature strategies of Innocent III's ideology of anti-heretical crusade. The Mormon-Missouri War (also called the Mormon War or the Missouri War) was an armed conflict between the Latter-day Saints and other citizens of northern Missouri in the fall of 1838. But if you've never heard of it, don't feel bad. Surrounded by the state militia, the mood in besieged Far West was uneasy. [119] Other historians are convinced that Rockwell was involved in the shooting. According to Hinkle, Smith wanted a treaty with the Missourians "on any terms short of battle. We'll get more acquainted with Steve and learn more about his background. On the Mormon side, Gideon Carter was killed in the battle and nine other Mormons were wounded, including Patten, who soon after died from his wounds.
ndice 1 Antecedentes Eventually, the large portion of the Mormons regrouped and founded a new city in Illinois which they called Nauvoo. On October 11, Mormon leaders agreed to abandon the settlement and move to Caldwell County. A company under the command of Captain Samuel Bogart was ordered to patrol the no-man's land between Ray and Caldwell Counties, in an effort to stop armed persons from Caldwell County from invading Ray County. If they choose to remain, we must be content. The specific dates of the war are from August 6, 1838, (the Gallatin election battle) to November 1, 1838, when Joseph Smith surrendered at Far West. During early Mormon history, there was a band of clandestine assassins known as the "Danites" or the "Sons of Dan". Overwhelmingly, these claims are contradicted by the majority of both Missourian and Latter Day Saint testimony (which implicate the Mormons in the burnings) and also by the evidence of the looted property found in the possession of Latter Day Saints. It won the best book award for the Mormon History Association. Several children also became ill during the ordeal and died later. New converts to Mormonism continued to relocate to Missouri and settle in Clay County. "[46] After more than a week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. [84][85] Colonel Hinkle stated that the Latter Day Saints would help bring to justice those Mormons who had violated the law, but he protested that the other terms were illegal and unconstitutional. Reynolds determined the man in question was Orrin Porter Rockwell, a close associate of the Mormon prophet Joseph Smith, Jr. While Mormons were viewed as deluded or worse, many Missourians agreed with the sentiment expressed in the Southern Advocate: By what color of propriety a portion of the people of the State, can organize themselves into a body, independent of the civil power, and contravene the general laws of the land by preventing the free enjoyment of the right of citizenship to another portion of the people, we are at a loss to comprehend. [82] Other members of the mob opened fire, which sent the Latter-day Saints fleeing in all directions. [74], While the State Militia gathered, Missouri unorganized Militia continued to act on their own, driving Mormons inward to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman. [56], Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. When his own troops threatened to join the attackers, Parks was forced to withdraw to Daviess County in hopes that the Governor would come to mediate. [99], Smith and the other Mormons resettled in Nauvoo, Illinois, beginning in 1839. During the fall of 1838, as tensions escalated during what is now known as the Mormon Missouri War, the Danites were apparently absorbed into militias largely composed of Latter-day Saints. When the Missourian raiders approached the settlement on the afternoon of October 30, some 30 to 40 Latter Day Saint families were living or encamped there. [59], Many Latter Day Saints were greatly troubled by the occurrences. He's still alive, ain't he?"[121]. ISBN-13: 9780826207296. On October 19, 1838, the day after Gallatin was burned, Thomas B. Marsh and fellow apostle Orson Hyde left the association of the Church. [57] The plundered goods were deposited in the Bishop's storehouse at Diahman. The Missourians had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. When Joseph Smith and volunteers rode to Adam-ondi-Ahman to assess the situation, they discovered there were no truths to the rumors. [102] Mormon residents were harassed and attacked by angry residents who were no longer restrained by militia officers.
After the court martial, he ordered General Alexander William Doniphan: You will take Joseph Smith and the other prisoners into the public square of Far West and shoot them at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.[100]. John Whitmer recounts that Smith bribed the guards. A good instructor will also cover the awareness and attitude components by providing exercises that drive home the major points made in the scholarly works. Mormon vigilantes, including many Danites, raided two towns believed to be centers of anti-Mormon activity, burning homes and stealing goods.22 Though .
Stephen C. LeSueur: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. After most of the defenders in the blacksmith shop had been killed or mortally wounded, some of the Missourians entered to finish the work. In 1831, the Mormons under Joseph Smith began to settle in Jackson County to create a Christian commune of "Zion". Later that day, the Carroll County forces sealed off the town. The church relocated from Kirtland to Far West, which became the new headquarters of the church. Later that day, the Carroll County forces sealed off the town.
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