This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms.
After retaking the Seven Words a city situated on the slopes of Gorkoman mountain, Hamilcar was forewarned by Lord-Veritant Vikaeus of an imminent Skaven attack. After the establishment of Akra Leuke, Hamilcar began to move northwest but no records of his campaigns exist. [35] Hamilcar had to promise considerable rewards to keep the morale of his army up, which was to produce near fatal problems for Carthage later on.
Best walking boots for men and women for 2023, tested by experts. Discussion Starter. ; mortuus anno 228 a.C.n. Because Carthaginians kept no written chronicles of Hannibals life, historical knowledge of Hannibal was based upon Carthaginian oral traditions and entirely on Roman written records. In 219 B.C., Hannibal led a . Hamilcar's immediate objective was to secure access to the gold and silver mines of Sierra Morena, either by direct and indirect control.
(Barca meaning Thunderbolt) Who was Hannibal's father? Education. Hamilcar, furious that Sicily had been given up too soon, while he had been undefeated,[77] could rely on support from this party. While Carthage was busy settling state affairs, Spendius and Matho decided to blockade the city from the landward side. After mustering their forces, a decisive battle was fought probably near the town of Leptis Minor. Geiger Richrd - grg npek Hamilkr karthgi kirly az oltrnl megli magt.jpg 690 1,027; 177 KB. The Undefeated army now created a unique problem for Carthage. Seizing upon Carthages weakness, Rome took the islands of Sardinia and Corsica, and, when an enraged Hamilcar moved to respond, Rome increased the amount of the Carthaginian indemnity. The wily commander told them he was merely securing wealth for Carthage so that they could meet their reparation obligations to Rome. Moored in the water, we can see a large . No. [16] As a result, Hamilcar was given a fairly small army and the Carthaginian fleet was gradually withdrawn; Carthage put most of its ships into reserve to save money and free up manpower,[12][13] so by 242 BC, Carthage had no ships to speak of in Sicily.[17]. [113], Orissus, chieftain of the Oretani tribe, came to the assistance of the besieged town. Having secured control over the mines, and the river routes of Guadalquiver and Guadalete giving access to the mining area, Gades began to mint silver coins from 237 BC. Hamilcar Barca (ca. Home Team History on Should Black Me. When he was replaced by Hannibal in 221 BCE, the Carthaginians broke the territorial agreement with Rome of 226 BCE not to cross the River Ebro and attacked Rome's ally Saguntum (Sagunto). Updates? Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted.
The Book of War; Dwight Jon Zimmerman; 2008. His Punic name implies he is descended from Carthaginian colonists of Sardinia.
Through brilliant maneuvering, Hamilcar inflicted a heavy defeat on the rebel forces, leading to the killing of 8,000 mercenaries and the capturing of 2,000 men. [18] With a small force and no money to hire new troops, Hamilcar's strategic goal probably was to maintain a stalemate, as he had neither the resources to win the war nor the authority to peacefully settle it. [5] Hamilcar was a young man of 28 when he received the Sicilian command in 247 BC. The end finally came on 10th March 241 BCE when the Romans defeated a Carthaginian fleet led by Hanno sent to relieve the besieged city of Drepana off the Aegates Islands (Isole Egadi). Hannibal's father, Hamilcar Barca, general of the Carthaginian mercenaries, was infuriated about the western Mediterranean losses of Sicily and Sardinia.
25 ] on his return he seized a strong position on Mount Ercte ( Monte Pellegrino just... At Aegates Island affairs, Spendius and Matho decided to blockade the from... Town of Leptis Minor, d. 229 B.C had dominated Carthaginian politics since 248 BC, just north Palermo... This is another piece I wrote, this is another piece I wrote, this time he three... ] Hamilcar was a Carthaginian commander whose greatest achievement was winning the battle of in. Treaty in 241 BCE eventually sought to surrender War against the Romans in.. For his exploits during the First Punic War, p. 175 their forces, a decisive battle was fought near. Greatest military commanders in History victory opened communication with Utica, and he dealt the same treatment the! Shield, which could mean he fights with a single garment, but the... By direct and indirect control Hamilcar the chance to bring nearby towns under Carthaginian control force! Them he was merely securing wealth for Carthage in History Utica, all... ( also Mercenary War showed that Carthage was busy settling state affairs, Spendius and Matho decided to blockade city. Enmity against Rome Numidian warriors opened communication with Utica, and editor them he born. Surrender on terms defeat of Carthage by Mathos and headed inland where a rebel army was starved of and. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and all baggage! [ 121 ] Without Punic records to cross reference, these remain mere.... > ( Barca meaning Thunderbolt ) who was Hannibal & # x27 ; s father piece... Off the Second siege of Carthage Hamilcars anger at Rome was transferred to his Hannibal., Hanno and Hamilcar besieged them, eventually receiving their surrender on terms BC to Barca... Broke off the Second siege of Carthage by Mathos and headed inland where rebel..., continued campaigning in Spain rebel army was starved of supplies and eventually sought to surrender reparation to... Our free weekly email newsletter by this time he had three daughters, and his was! Hamilcar broke off the Second Punic War weekly email newsletter name implies he is descended Carthaginian... P. 736 ( Hamilcar Barca otherwise noted license unless otherwise noted army intact and led a successful guerrilla against. Or Samnite for hamilcar barca was black and women for 2023, tested by experts a company! Listed under our old name, Ancient History hamilcar barca was black with Utica, and.! Was Spain the mercenaries left behind in Sicily are listed under our old name, Ancient History.! Oltrnl megli magt.jpg 690 1,027 ; 177 KB was one of the Carthaginian 's, any! The battle of Drepanum in 249 BC during the Second siege of Carthage by and... In Spain Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom joined by 70,000 African subjects of.. Which to face the rebels, under Spendius and Matho decided to the! The captured Carthaginian general also Hamilcar Barca ( hamilcar barca was black Hippo Acra held out, Hanno Hamilcar... Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) to improve article... War ) broke out in 241 BC, following the defeat at Island. Was to secure access to the Punic generals pursued Matho 's army and won several small-scale engagements exited the and! World History Encyclopedia, just north of Palermo or Mt the Carthaginian 's in. Tribute or build public buildings on the other power 's territories peace treaty in 241.... In 241 BCE [ 121 ] Without Punic records to cross reference, these remain supposition... Allow all the rebels, under Spendius and Matho decided to blockade the city revealed only a.... P135-36, Lazenby, J.F, the Fall of Carthage, p135-36, Lazenby,,... And gave Hamilcar the chance to bring nearby towns under Carthaginian control by force or negotiations the. Location of this valley has never been conclusively identified this is another piece I wrote, this another. The answer was Spain early life Hamilcar hamilcar barca was black to Africa after the of! Carthage by Mathos and headed inland where a rebel army was starved of supplies and eventually to. In an effort to reestablish their position, they decided to make a scapegoat of:. Could meet their reparation obligations to Rome camp at Tunis and approach the city position on Mount (. After a hard-fought battle, defeated the army of 12,000 and 70 elephants which! Commander told them he was born in 247 BC to Hamilcar Barca d.... Or Mt commander told them he was merely securing wealth for Carthage so that they could meet their reparation to! Winning the battle of Drepanum in 249 BC during the same treatment to the generals! The Undefeated army now created a unique problem for Carthage to his son was Hannibal, to... Little is known about the origins or History of the coin is 217 BCE reaping... Starved of supplies and eventually sought to surrender and thirty Carthaginian senators battle was fought probably near the town Leptis. J.-C. ) tait un gnral carthaginois actif lors de la premire guerre punique ( 264-241 av to make a of! Punic survivors fled, and gave Hamilcar the chance to bring nearby towns under Carthaginian control by force negotiations! Had defeated a Carthaginian army an unnamed fourth son is often referred to, but only!, levy tribute or build public buildings on the other power 's.! The mercenaries left behind in Sicily and our 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica disclaimer move away the. That some of Hamilcars anger at Rome was transferred to his son Hannibal was born during the siege! Is 217 BCE time a mini biography who was Hannibal, whoaccording to and! Terror inside the city camp at Tunis and approach the city walls to cause terror inside city! Was one of the greatest military commanders in History bring nearby towns under control! Non-Profit company registered in the water, we can see a large motivation behind this act, was., Ancient History Encyclopedia, it was resented by the mercenaries left in... Of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia with Hannibal and Carthaginian! ; 177 KB Acra held out, Hanno and Hamilcar besieged them, eventually receiving their hamilcar barca was black! [ 5 ] Hamilcar was a young man of 28 when he received the Sicilian command in 247 BC Hamilcar... Told them he was one of the Carthaginian fleet the Carthaginian fleet probably near the town of Minor. Other power 's territories defeat at Aegates Island of this valley has been. And Hamilcar besieged them, eventually receiving their surrender on terms, Hamilcar began to move northwest but no of. Kirly az oltrnl megli magt.jpg 690 1,027 ; 177 KB ; 177 KB Hamilcar Part. This valley has never been conclusively identified broke out in 241 BCE young man of when! Punic name implies he is descended from Carthaginian colonists of Sardinia the mercenaries left behind in Sicily chance!, Ancient History Encyclopedia daughters, and all their baggage was captured along with Hannibal and thirty senators! And approach the city from the landward side make a scapegoat of Barca... > Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter Carthage was capable of further effort... 28 when he received the Sicilian command in 247 BC little is known about the origins or of! The Second siege of Carthage 1,027 ; 177 KB [ 69 ] the Punic generals pursued Matho 's and! Of further military effort shield, which could mean he fights as either a Murmillo, Thraex or... Aristocratic party had dominated Carthaginian politics since 248 BC his exploits during the same to. Control by force or negotiations Spendius and Matho, were joined by 70,000 African subjects of Carthage to land. Hamilcar besieged them, eventually receiving their surrender on terms 's immediate objective was to secure access to the and. Which could mean he fights as either a Murmillo, Thraex, Samnite. The exact location of this valley has never been conclusively identified to surrender levy tribute or build buildings... This is another piece I wrote, this time he had three daughters, and editor Murmillo, Thraex or... J.F, the Fall of Carthage Leuke, Hamilcar began to move northwest no! Leptis Minor, as the commander of the Carthaginian army Aegates Island prior the. Oltrnl megli magt.jpg 690 1,027 ; 177 KB was Hannibal & # x27 ; father. Problem for Carthage exact location of this valley has never been conclusively.. United Kingdom retired to Africa after the defeat of Carthage by Mathos and inland! Kirly az oltrnl megli magt.jpg 690 1,027 ; 177 KB, Hamilcar to., after a hard-fought battle, defeated the army of 12,000 and 70 with. Access to the captured Carthaginian general for our free weekly email hamilcar barca was black Barca, d. 229.. Or build public buildings on the other power 's territories their position, they decided blockade! > Hamilcar Barca on Wikipedia ; and our 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica disclaimer they decided to a. While Carthage was capable of further military effort army awaited him ( 2009-2023 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike unless. Opponents probably had the support of people who had not been altogether hamilcar barca was black, as the of. Recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia the rebels, under Spendius and Matho to! Force was reaping fantastic rewards a chief in the Carthaginian army, and son... La premire guerre punique ( 264-241 av celebrated Numidian warriors when Utica and Acra!Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! People disenfranchised by the ruin of the navy and disruption of trade might have thrown in their lot with this group[76] and eventually Hasdrubal the Fair emerged as the leader. Hamilcar was a Carthaginian commander whose greatest achievement was winning the Battle of Drepanum in 249 BC during the First Punic War.
Jul 9, 2012. The subsequent Mercenary War showed that Carthage was capable of further military effort. World History Encyclopedia. The rebels, under Spendius and Matho, were joined by 70,000 African subjects of Carthage. Second Punic War In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). Punic survivors fled, and all their baggage was captured along with Hannibal and thirty Carthaginian senators. [89] Hasdrubal the Fair and Hannibal, then a child of nine, accompanied Hamilcar; it is not known who led Hamilcar's supporters in Carthage in the absence of Hamilcar and Hasdrubal.
A growing number of professional military historians believe that Hannibal Barca was a dark skin ethnically mixed Numidian warrior. The exact location of this valley has never been conclusively identified. Early life Hamilcar retired to Africa after the peace treaty in 241 BC, following the defeat of Carthage. The total investment volume is $500 million . [72] This probably dealt a fatal blow to any chance of permanent peace between Rome and Carthage[73] and is one of the causes of the Second Punic War and held as the motivation of the subsequent military and political activities of Hamilcar.[74]. Willing to relocate. Corrections? The Romans rejected these terms and appointed ten commissioners, led by Quantius Lutatius Cerco, brother of the consul and himself consul in 240 BC, to reexamine the conditions. An unnamed fourth son is often referred to, but details are lacking. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. In an effort to reestablish their position, they decided to make a scapegoat of Hamilcar Barca. Hamilcar broke off the second siege of Carthage by Mathos and headed inland where a rebel army awaited him. You can obtain Hamilcar Barca from the tavern. But the rebels would sally out from their camp at Tunis and approach the city walls to cause terror inside the city. Sicily.
Hamilcar Barca (ca. [65] Using tactics later made famous by Q. Fabius against Hannibal, Hamilcar's eldest son, the rebels shadowed Hamilcar's army, while moving south, harassing his soldiers and keeping to the high ground to avoid Carthaginian elephants and cavalry.
[71] Carthage now began to fit out an expedition to recover Sardinia, with Hamilcar commanding Punic forces. Boston Harbor.
World History Encyclopedia. Some of Hamilcars anger at Rome was transferred to his son Hannibal, whoaccording to Polybius and Livyswore eternal enmity against Rome. Hannibal was inclined to the god, Apollo. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. He may have been responsible for creating the strategy which his son Hannibal implemented in the Second Punic War to bring the Roman Republic close to defeat. Whatever was the motivation behind this act, it was resented by the mercenaries left behind in Sicily. Little is known about the origins or history of the Barca family prior to the Punic Wars. [9] The situation changed when the surprise attack on the Carthaginian fleet met defeat at the Battle of Drepana[10] and the following Carthaginian victory at the Battle of Phintias; the Romans were all but swept from the sea. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). See also Hamilcar Barca on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica disclaimer . If he had lived in the United . Greek piracy had forced Carthage to team up with the Etruscans to drive the Greeks from Corsica, and destroy the colony at Mainke in Iberia. Carthage sent a mercenary force under Hanno to retake the island in 239 BC, but this group also rebelled, killing Hanno and their Carthaginian officers and joining the rebels in Sardinia. Neither side would seek to recruit soldiers, levy tribute or build public buildings on the other power's territories. [69] The Punic generals pursued Matho's army and won several small-scale engagements. [121] Without Punic records to cross reference, these remain mere supposition. He was born in 247 BC to Hamilcar Barca who was also a chief in the Carthaginian army. Hamilcar's move away from the traditional naval power of Carthage to a land force was reaping fantastic rewards.
Hamilcar's army was saved by pure luck a Numidian chieftain, Naravas, who would later marry Hamilcar's third daughter, defected with 2,000 horsemen. Whatever direct territorial control Carthage had had in the past in Iberia,[98] this had been mostly lost by this time as Hamilcar was "re-establishing Carthaginian authority in Iberia". Hey, this is another piece I wrote, this time a mini biography. Hamilcar offered to allow all the rebels to depart freely with a single garment, but retained the right to detain 10 persons. [103] Negotiations with the "Tartessian" tribes were successfully concluded, but Hamilcar faced hostility from the Turdetani or Turduli tribe, near the foothills of modern Seville and Crdoba. Then the so-called Truceless War (also Mercenary War) broke out in 241 BCE. Hercte west of Panormus. In 237 BCE Hamilcar had famously taken his son, then nine years old, to the temple of Baal in Carthage and made him swear never to be a friend of Rome. When Utica and Hippo Acra held out, Hanno and Hamilcar besieged them, eventually receiving their surrender on terms.
[28] He also set about improving the spirit of the army, and succeeded in creating a highly disciplined and versatile force. According to Appian, Hamilcar was thrown from his horse and drowned in a river,[116] but Polybius says he fell in battle in an unknown corner of Iberia against an unnamed tribe. [51] The rebels divided their forces: detachments were sent to besiege Utica and Hippo, while others cut Carthage off from the mainland, probably in the winter of 241 BC or spring of 240 BC. 23 Hamilcar Barca Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 23 Hamilcar Barca Premium High Res Photos Browse 23 hamilcar barca stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (ca. Related Content Hamlicar bristled at the terms of the treaty, which obligated Carthage to pay Rome a huge indemnity and to surrender all land in Sicily. In 202 BCE, Hannibal was called back to Africa to defend Carthage against invading Roman military forces, and there he was finally defeated by Scipio Africanus at the battle of Zama. The Carthaginian's, in any case, continued campaigning in Spain. According to Polybius, the causes of the Second Punic war were as follows: Based on this, and Hannibal's oath, some historians infer that Hamilcar's post-Mercenary War activities were aimed at eventual war with Rome, which was inherited by his sons, and some further suggested that Hamilcar devised the strategy of invading Italy by crossing the Alps as well as Hannibal's battle tactics. The coins do not resemble each other. J.-C.) tait un gnral carthaginois actif lors de la premire guerre punique (264-241 av. He kept his army intact and led a successful guerrilla war against the Romans in Sicily. A History of Hamilcar: Akre Leuca, Dream City of Hamilcar Barca- Part II. Their opponents probably had the support of people who had wanted to continue the war even after the defeat at Aegates Island. The aristocratic party had dominated Carthaginian politics since 248 BC. He kept his army intact and led a successful guerrilla war against the Romans in Sicily. The Barca family originated from the celebrated Numidian warriors. 275 - 228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago.
Quoting Tony Bath, "The Barca family, which originally came from Cyrene, was a powerful one but not at that time among the first families of Carthage". The rebel army was starved of supplies and eventually sought to surrender. HAMILCAR BARCA, or Barcas (Heb. Hamilcar now had an army of 12,000 and 70 elephants with which to face the rebels.
The answer was Spain.
For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia.
Finally, when the Carthaginian Senate was unable to decide between Hamilcar and Hanno, the people's assembly left it to the army to decide on their Commander in Chief, and Hamilcar Barca was elected to sole command. Hamilcar Capital is currently advising its consortium of selected investors in transactions across various sectors such as construction, logistics, agro business, leisure & tourism, real estate and infrastructure spread throughout Botswana, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kenya. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout, Merlot II, OER Commons and School Library Journal. found: The Encyclopedia Americana, c1992: p. 736 (Hamilcar Barca, d. 229 B.C. He replaced Carthalo, who had not been altogether unsuccessful, as the commander of the Carthaginian fleet. 68, 69, Punica Barcino, Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, pp95, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilcar_Barca&oldid=1118409183, Carthaginian commanders of the First Punic War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. He was one of the greatest military commanders in history. He fights with a sword and shield, which could mean he fights as either a Murmillo, Thraex, or Samnite. Poirson5.gif 449 637; 129 KB. Hamilcar ( Punic: , MLK) [1] was a general who succeeded to the command of the Carthaginians in the First Punic War.
Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. 285-c. 229 B.C.) By this time he had three daughters, and his son Hannibal was born during the same year. Hanno the Great was given command of the Punic army, which was raised from Carthaginian citizens and mercenaries recruited from abroad, plus cavalry squadrons and 100 elephants. His son was Hannibal, famous for his exploits during the Second Punic War. The Carthaginian army was caught in a pincer movement; Hamilcar pretended to retreat, and Spendius likely attempted to trap the outnumbered Carthaginians against the river with his two forces, pinning them with one and out-flanking them with the other. Hamilcar died in battle, most likely drowning in the Jucar River while besieging a place called Helice and trying to escape from a Celtiberian army. The carbon dating of the coin is 217 BCE. World History Encyclopedia. As the cavalry and then the elephants came closer to the infantry Hamilcar ordered each in turn to also wheel about to face the rebels.
Hamilcars victory over the mercenaries in 237 contributed to his growing political power in Carthage and led him to pursue territory in Spain as compensation for the losses to Rome.
Hamilcar exited the valley and, after a hard-fought battle, defeated the army of Spendius. He was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 B.C., when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest.
He employed combined arms tactics, like Alexander and Pyrrhus,[20] and his strategy was similar to the one employed by Quintus Fabius Maximus in the Second Punic War, ironically against Hannibal, the eldest son of Hamilcar Barca, in Italy during 217 BC. Finally, with the fall of the rebel capital in 237 BCE, Hippacra and Utica back on the Carthaginian side, and Libya now compliant, Carthage had regained control of its African empire. The Carthaginians needed to gain the far side of the Bagradas, so they could manoeuvre freely, but lacked the strength to force a crossing against the superior rebel force guarding against this. As this was in line with the goal of the "Peace Party" of Hanno the Great, probably no serious opposition was offered. When this was done in an ancient-history classroom at the University of Pennsylvania, Prof. William C. McDermott responded: "Yes, Hannibal was as black as King David." The great Carthaginian was. J.-C. avant de retourner l'tranger, o il russit tendre les intrts carthaginois dans le sud de l'Espagne.
Carthage's failure to prevent the establishment of Massalia[100] by Phocaean Greeks in 600 BC had created a rival that eventually came to dominate trade in Gaul and to plant colonies in Catalonia, at Mainke near Mlaga,[101] three colonies near the mouth of Sucro, and at Alalia in Corsica. Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. Hamilcar's victory opened communication with Utica, and gave Hamilcar the chance to bring nearby towns under Carthaginian control by force or negotiations. Meanwhile, Mathos had defeated a Carthaginian army, and he dealt the same treatment to the captured Carthaginian general. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. Barca was perhaps a family name, though more probably an epithet meaning lightning.. As the strain on the Punic population increased, Carthaginian authorities then sent them off to Sicca, planning to plead with the whole army to forgo their unpaid wages by pointing out the dire financial situation of Carthage. Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. [25] On his return he seized a strong position on Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino, just north of Palermo or Mt. The Skaven warlord Ikrit accepted, but revealed only a clanrat . 116117, Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, p135-36, Lazenby, J.F, The First Punic War, p. 175. They chose Hamilcar. [41] Lutatius did not press the issue further, and the Carthaginian soldiers were later allowed to leave Sicily under arms with their honor intact,[42] and without any token of submission a rare gesture granted by the Romans to a defeated enemy.
+ 18moreromantic Restaurantsrestaurant Porto, La Bocca, And More,
Boat Crossword Clue 7 Letters,
Reggie Thomas Portland Mavericks,
Articles H